Cryptographically Prove Wallet Ownership

Demo

Try the demo. Sign in with your Cardano wallet.

You will get true if the nonce has been signed by the user's wallet.

How does It Work?

By signing a message, you are affirming that you are in control of the wallet address linked to the Blockchain, and thus can prove ownership of it.

There are 4 ingredients to signing a message:

• user wallet address
• private key
• public key
• message to sign

To check if a user owns a certain address on a Web3 site, one needs to provide a message and have the user "sign" it. This "signature" is generated using the message, the user's private key, the public key, and a cryptographic algorithm.

To ensure the signature is valid, the same cryptographic algorithm is applied to the message and the public key is obtained. You may be wondering how this is secure, and the answer is that without the private key, the validation of the message and the public key cannot be cryptographically matched, thereby confirming ownership.

Client: Connect Wallet and Get Staking Address

The User model stored in the database of the backend server must have two compulsory fields: public address and nonce. Furthermore, this address has to be unique. Other details about the user, such as username, Twitter ID, and name fields, are not essential for this process, but can be added.

User's public address as an identifier, in Cardano, we can use their wallet's staking address. This will be stored in the server side database, so that authorized wallets can be linked. The user never has to worry about manually entering their address, since it can be retrieved using wallet.getRewardAddresses().

With the user's wallet connected, get the user's staking address and send it to our backend server.

const { wallet, connected } = useWallet();

async function frontendStartLoginProcess() {
  if (connected) {
    const userAddress = (await wallet.getRewardAddresses())[0];

     // do: send request with 'userAddress' to the backend
  }
}

Server: Generate Nonce and Store in Database

We first need to generate a new nonce, which is initialized as a random string. The purpose of this is to create a unique message that can be used for authentication of the user's wallet. This nonce will be the payload for the user to proof wallet's ownership. With Mesh, you can generate a new nonce with generateNonce(), and set the message as Sign to login in to Mesh: nonce.

By utilizing the userAddress, we can look up the database to determine whether the user is new or existing.

If the user is new, we can create a new user entry, storing their staking address, nonce, and set their status as "not verified". Once the user has successfully verified, we can update their status to "verified" in our database.

For existing users, we just have to store the newly generated nonce into the database.

import { generateNonce } from '@meshsdk/core';

async function backendGetNonce(userAddress) {
  // do: if new user, create new user model in the database

  const nonce = generateNonce('Sign to login in to Mesh: ');

  // do: store 'nonce' in user model in the database

  // do: return 'nonce'
}

Lastly, we will return the nonce for the user to sign using their private key.

Client: Verify ownership by signing the nonce

We are ready to use the private key associated with the wallet to sign the nonce with await wallet.signData(userAddress, nonce), which enables the dApp to request the user to sign a payload according to CIP-8.

We request the user's authorization and show them the message that is to be signed: Sign to login in to Mesh: nonce. Once accepted, the signature will be generated and the dApp will process the signature to authenticate the user.

async function frontendSignMessage(nonce) {
  try {
    const userAddress = (await wallet.getRewardAddresses())[0];
    const signature = await wallet.signData(userAddress, nonce);

    // do: send request with 'signature' and 'userAddress' to the backend
  } catch (error) {
    // catch error if user refuse to sign
  }
}

Server: Verify Signature

When the backend receives the request, it retrieves the users from the database that are related to the address specified in the request. It then obtains the associated nonce from the database, which is a random value that is only known to the user.

With the nonce, staking address, and signature, the backend can cryptographically check that the nonce has been correctly signed by the user. This allows the backend to verify that the user is the owner of the public address, as only the owner of the address would know the nonce value and be able to sign it with the associated private key.

If the signature is verified, the user has successfully authenticated and the front end will then receive a JSON Web Token (JWT) or session identifier to allow the user to access further resources. This is an example is for login process, but you can change it to approving a specific action.

We also ensure that the nonce is not reused, as this would make it possible for an attacker to gain access to the user's account. This is done by generating a random nonce for the user and saving it to the database. By constantly generating a unique nonce each time the user logs in, we can guarantee the user's signature is secure and that their account is safe.

import { checkSignature } from '@meshsdk/core';

async function backendVerifySignature(userAddress, signature) {
  // do: get 'nonce' from user (database) using 'userAddress'

  const result = checkSignature(nonce, userAddress, signature);

  // do: update 'nonce' in the database with another random string

  // do: do what you need after user proof ownership
  // it could be creating a valid JSON Web Token (JWT) or session
  // it could be doing something offchain
  // it could just be updating something in the database
}

Put Them All Together

Lets put them all together. Your frontend code should contain two functions frontendStartLoginProcess() and frontendSignMessage(nonce).

For sign in with wallet, you can use the CardanoWallet React UI component to connect and sign in with wallet:

<CardanoWallet
  label="Sign In with Cardano"
  onConnected={() => frontendStartLoginProcess()}
/>

Putting the frontend codes together might looks like this:

import { CardanoWallet, useWallet } from '@meshsdk/react';

export default function Page() {
  const { wallet, connected } = useWallet();
  
  async function frontendStartLoginProcess() {
    if (connected) {
      const userAddress = (await wallet.getRewardAddresses())[0];
      const nonce = await backendGetNonce(userAddress);
      await signMessage(nonce);
    }
  }
  
  async function frontendSignMessage(nonce) {
    try {
      const userAddress = (await wallet.getRewardAddresses())[0];
      const signature = await wallet.signData(userAddress, nonce);
      await backendVerifySignature(userAddress, signature);
    } catch (error) {
      setState(0);
    }
  }

  return (
    <>
      <CardanoWallet
        label="Sign In with Cardano"
        onConnected={() => frontendStartLoginProcess()}
      />
    </>
  );
}

And the server side code should have 2 REST endpoints, backendGetNonce(userAddress) and backendVerifySignature(userAddress, signature), the code might look like this:

import { checkSignature, generateNonce } from '@meshsdk/core';

async function backendGetNonce(userAddress) {
  const nonce = generateNonce('Sign to login in to Mesh: ');
  return nonce;
}

async function backendVerifySignature(userAddress, signature) {
  // do: get 'nonce' from database

  const result = checkSignature(nonce, userAddress, signature);
  if(result){
    // create JWT or approve certain process
  }
  else{
    // prompt user that signature is not correct
  }
}

There you go! Although this guide shows you how you can sign in with wallet, you can use this technique to authenticate any user's actions.